Cuidado: Café não é remédio

O café pode causar efeitos indesejáveis em algumas pessoas.

Embora o café seja um produto natural e não cause doenças em pessoas saudáveis quando consumido de forma diária e moderada ( até 4 xícaras grandes para adultos e a metade da dose para crianças, preferencialmente com leite), o café pode causar efeitos indesejáveis em algumas pessoas. Existem alguns que naturalmente não gostam de café, uma questão pessoal, mas também existem pessoas normais e saudáveis que são mais sensíveis aos efeitos de um dos compostos do café, a cafeína, as quais podem apresentar ansiedade, tremores, insônia e mesmo um quadro de pânico. O café quando tomado a noite pode prejudicar o sono da maioria das pessoas, sendo por isto uma bebida diurna. O café consumido moderadamente (4 xícaras diárias) não causa doenças em pessoas normais e saudáveis, da infância a velhice. Mas pessoas que possuem doenças como gastrite, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico, úlcera péptica, transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, transtorno do pânico, palpitações devido arritmias cardíacas, hipertensão arterial ou doença isquêmica do coração devem ter cuidado no consumo de café, pois ele podem agravar os sintomas ou a doença, principalmente se consumido em excesso. Por isto, toda pessoa que possua qualquer doença mental, cardíaca, gástrica ou outras, deve consumir café com moderação e preferencialmente após ouvir os conselhos de seu médico. Caso sinta qualquer intolerância ao café, deve parar de consumi-lo. É importante lembrar que o café não é remédio, isto é, não cura doenças, mas pode ser um agente a mais que ajuda na prevenção de várias doenças e problemas. Pesquisas médicas mostram que o café pode prevenir a depressão/ suicídio mas pacientes com depressão e idéias suicidas precisam de tratamento médico especializado, pela gravidade da doença, perfeitamente tratável com grande sucesso com medicamentos e terapia cognitivo-comportamental. Pacientes alcoólatras também precisam de tratamento médico e o consumo de café ajuda a manter a remissão do alcoolismo, evitando um grave problema do alcoolismo, a cirrose. O café melhora a atenção, concentração e o aprendizado escolar, sendo a bebida mais recomendada para estudantes de todas as idades, em casa e na merenda escolar. Estudos mostram também que o café pode atuar na prevenção do câncer de cólon e reto, doença de Parkinson e outras conforme a lista abaixo, uma colaboração do Dr. Marino Petracco, da Illy Café da Itália (lista de efeitos e referencias abaixo):

Efeitos atribuídos ao café

  1. Café aumenta o estado de alerta (vigília)
  2. Café ajuda e estimula o córtex pré-frontal
  3. Café ajuda a mémoria a curto prazo ( aprendizado)
  4. Os anti-oxidantes do café (ácidos clorogênicos) ajudam na remoção dos radicais livres reduzindo o estresse oxidativo nos tecidos
  5. O café possui compostos que possuem efeito anti-tóxico
  6. Café reduz o risco de cirrose hepática
  7. Café reduz o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes do adulto
  8. Café previne cálculo da vesícula
  9. O consume de café esta inversamente relacionado com o desenvolvimento de doenças neuro-degenerativas como Parkinson e Alzheimer
  10. O café possui uma atividade genérica protetora contra o câncer
  11. O café protege contra o câncer de cólon, fígado, pele e outros
  12. O café ajuda na prevenção de cáries dentárias
  13. O café possui atividade anti-inflamatória e protetora sobre o sistema cardiovascular
  14. O café possui atividade antagonista opióide (bloqueia o desejo por álcool, tabaco, drogas)
  15. O café possui um discreto efeito anti-obesidade
  16. O café aumenta a performance durante o exercício prolongado (em atletas treinados)
  17. O café ajuda no alívio dos sintomas de asma
  18. O café ajuda a manter crianças hiperativas relaxadas
  19. O café ajuda no alívio dos sintomas da coréia de Huntington
  20. O café ajuda a prevenir a depressão e o suicídio
  21. O café ajuda a reduzir o jet-lag em voos internacionais para o Leste

REFERÊNCIAS :

0. Gerais

• Nawrot, P.; Jordan, S.; Eastwood, J. et al. (2003) Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam, 20 (1), 1-30
• Schilter, B.; Cavin, C.; Tritscher, A. and Constable, A. (2001) Health and Safety Considerations (chapter 8), in Clarke R. J. and Vitzthum O. G. eds, Coffee: Recent Developments, Blackwell Science, London, 165-83
• Schilter, B.; Holzhäuser, D. and Cavin, C. (2001) Health benefits of coffee. Proceedings of the 19th ASIC Colloquium, Trieste (Italy), CD-Rom

1. Alerta

• dePaulis, T.; Schmidt, D.E.; Bruchey, A.K.; Kirby, M.T.; McDonald, M.P.; Commers, P.; Lovinger, D.M. and Martin, P.R. (2002) Dicinnamoylquinides in roasted coffee inhibit the human adenosine transporter. European Journal of Pharmacology 442, 215-23
• Smith, A.P. (2002) Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 (9), 1243-55
• Brice, C.F. & Smith, A.P. (2002) Effects of caffeine on mood and performance: a study of realistic consumption. Psychopharmacology, 164, 188-92
• DeValck, E. and Cluydts, R. (2001) Slow-Release Caffeine as a Countermeasure to Driver Sleepiness Induced by Partial Sleep Deprivation. Journal Sleep Research, 10, 203-9
• Brice, C. and Smith, A. (2001) The Effects of Caffeine on Simulated Driving, Subjective Alertness and Sustained Attention. Human Psychopharmacology, 16, 523-31
• Reyner, L.A. and Horne, J.A. (2000) Early Morning Driver Sleepiness: Effectiveness of 200mg Caffeine. Psychophysiology, 37, 251-6
• Horne, J.A. and Reyner, L.A. (1999) Sleep related accidents: a review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 289-94
• Reyner, L.A. and Horne, J.A. (1998) Evaluation of ‘In-Car’ Countermeasures to Sleepiness: Cold Air and Radio. Sleep, Vol 21, No 1, 46
• Reyner, A. and Horne, J.A. (1997) Suppression of Sleepiness in Drivers: Combination of Cafeine with a Short Nap. Psychophysiology, 34, 721-5
• Smith, A.P.; Thomas, M.; Perry, K. and Whitney, H. (1997) Caffeine and the common cold. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11(4), 319-24
• Horne, J.A. and Reyner, L.A. (1996) Counteracting driver sleepiness: effects of napping, caffeine and placebo. Psychophysiology, 33, 306-9
• Smith, A. P.; Brockman, P.; Flynn, R.; Maben, A. and Thomas, M. (1993) Investigation of the effects of coffee on alertness and performance during the day and night. Neuropsychobiology, 27 (4), 217-23
• Klatsky, A.L.; Armstrong, M.A. and Friedman, G.D. (1993) Coffee, Tea and Mortality. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 375-81
• Hasenfratz, M.; Jaquet, F.; Aeschbach, D. and Bättig, K. (1991) Interactions of Smoking and Lunch with the Effects of Caffeine on Cardiovascular Functions and Information Processing. Human Psychopharmacology, 6, 277-84
• Smith, A.P.; Rusted, J.M.; Eaton-Williams, P.; Savory, M. and Leathwood, P. (1990) Effects of Caffeine Given before and after Lunch on Sustained Attention. Neuropsychobiology, 23 (3), 160-3
• Walsh, J.K.; Meuhlbach, M.J.; Humm, T.M. et al. (1990) Effect of caffeine on physiological sleep tendency and ability to sustain wakefulness at night. Psychopharmacology, 101, 271-3
• Lieberman, H.R. (1987) Positive behavioural effects of caffeine. Proceedings of the 12th ASIC Colloquium, Montreux (CH), 102-7
• Bättig, K. and Buzzi, R. (1986) Effect of coffee on the speed of subject-paced information processing. Neuropsychobiology, 16, 126-30

2. Cortex

• Lindskog, M.; Svenningsson, P.; Pozzi, L. et al. (2002) Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine. Nature, 418 (6899), 734-6
• Acquas, E.; Tanda, G. and Di Chiara, G. (2002) Differential effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine transmission in brain areas of drug-naive and caffeine-pretreated rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27 (2), 182-93.
• Johnson-Kozlow, M.; Kritz-Silverstein, D.; Barrett-Connor, E. and Morton, D. (2001) Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function among Older Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156 (9), 842-50
• Smith, A. and Brice, C. (2000) Behavioural Effects of Caffeine. American Chemical Society, 30
• Nehlig, A. (1999) Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 23 (4), 563-76

3. Memoria

• Nguyen-Van-Tam, D.P. and Smith, A.P. (2001) Caffeine and human memory: a literature review and some data. Proceedings of the l9th ASIC Colloquium, Trieste (Italy), CD-Rom
• Di Chiara G., Acquas E., Tanda G., Marrocu P. and Pisanu A. (2001) Effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine release on short term memory function: a brain microdialysis and spatial delayed alternation task study. Proceedings of the 19th ASIC Colloquium, Trieste (Italy), CD-Rom
• Van Boxtel, M. P. J. and Jolles, J. (1999) Habitual coffee consumption and information processing efficiency. Proceedings of the 18th ASIC Colloquium, Helsinki (Finland), 209-12
• Riedel, W.; Hogervorst, E.; Leboux, R. et al. (1995) Caffeine attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in humans. Psychopharmacology 122 (2), 158-68
• Riedel W., Hogervorst E. and Jolles J. (1995) Cognition enhancers and aging. In (eds J. Jolles, P. J. Houx, M. P. J. Van Boxtel and R. W. H. M. Ponds) “The Maastricht Aging Study — Determinants of Cognitive Aging”, pp. 149-56. Neuropsych Publishers, Maastricht (The Netherlands)

4. Antioxidantes

• Svilaas, A.; Sakhi, A.K.; Andersen, L.F. et al. (2004) Intakes on Antioxidants in Coffee, Wine, and Vegetables Are Correlated with Plasma Carotenoids in Humans, Journal of Nutrition, 134, 562-7
• Somoza, V., Lindenmeier, M., Wenzel, E., Frank, O., Erbersdobler, H.F. and Hofmann, T. (2003) Activity-Guided Identification of a Chemopreventive Compound in Coffee Beverage Using in Vitro and in Vivo Techniques. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51 (23), 6861-9
• Natella, F.; Nardini, M.; Giannetti, I.; Dattilo, C. and Scaccini, C. (2002) Coffee drinking influences plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (21), 6211-6
• Lekse, J.M.; Xia, L.; Stark, J.; Morrow, J.D. and May, J.M. (2001) Plant catechols prevent lipid peroxidation in human plasma and erythrocytes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 226, 89-95
• Richelle, M.; Tavazzi, I. and Offord, E. (2001) Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 3438-42
• Daglia, M.; Papetti, A.; Gregotti, C. et al. (2000) In vitro antioxidant and ex vivo protective activities of green and roasted coffee. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48 (5), 1449-54
• Singhara, A.; Macku, C. & Shibamoto, T. (1998) Antioxidative activity of brewed coffee extracts, in T. Shibamoto; J. Terao & T. Osawa, Functional foods for disease prevention II: medicinal plants and other foods. ACS symposium series 701 (pp. 101-9),Washington, DC: American Chemical Society
• Nicoli, M.C.; Anese M.; Manzocco L. and Lerici C.R. (1997) Antioxidant properties of coffee brews in relation to the roasting time. Lebensmittel, Wissenschaft und Technologie, 30, 292-7
• Hertog, M.G.L.; Feskens, E.J.M.; Hollman, P.C.H.; Kalan, M.B. et al. (1993) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet, 342, 1007-11

5. Anti-tóxico

• Esposito, F.; Morisco, F.; Verde, V.; Ritieni, A.; Alezio, A., Caporaso, N. and Fogliano, V. (2003) Moderate coffee consumption increases plasma glutathione but not homocysteine in healthy subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 17 (4), 595-601
• Huber, W.; Scharf, G.; Nagel, G. et al. (2002) Coffee and its chemopreventive components Kahweol and Cafestol increase the activity of the DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in rat liver - comparison with phase II xenobiotic metabolism. Mutation Research, 522 (1-2), 57-68
• Scharf, G.; Prustomersky, S.; Huber W.W. et al. (2001) Elevation of glutathione levels by coffee components and its potential mechanisms. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 500, 535-9
• Abraham, S.K. and Singh, S.P. (1999) Anti-genotoxicity and glutathione S-transferase activity in mice pretreated with caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37 (7),733-39
• Honjo, S.; Kono, S.; Coleman, M.P. et al. (1999) Coffee drinking and serum gammaglutamyltransferase: an extended study of Self-Defense Officials of Japan. Annals of Epidemiology, 9, 325-3 1
• Poikolainen, K. and Vartiainen, E. (1997) Determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase: positive interaction with alcohol and body mass index, negative association with coffee. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 1019-24
• Abraham, S.K. (1996) Anti-genotoxic Effects in Mice after the Interaction Between Coffee and Dietary Constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 34 (1), 15-20
• Huggett, A.C. and Schilter, B. (1995) Chemoprotective Effects of Coffee and Its Components Cafestol and Kahweol: Effects on Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes. Proceedings of the 16th ASIC Colloquium, Kyoto (Japan), 65-72
• Kato, T.; Takanasu, S. and Kikugawa, K. (1991) Loss of heterocyclic amine mutagens by insoluble hemicellulose fiber and high-molecular-weight soluble polyphenolics of coffee. Mutation Research, 246, 169-78
• Kono, S.; Shinchi, K.; Imanishi, K. et al. (1994) Coffee and Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase: A Study of Self-defense Officials in Japan. American Journal of Epidemiology, 139 (7), 723-7

6. Cirrose

• Tverdal, A. and Skurtveit, S. (2003) Coffee intake and mortality from liver cirrhosis. Annals of epidemiology,13, 419-23
• Johnston, K.L.; Clifford M.N. and Morgan, L.M. (2003) Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78 (4), 728-33
• Keijzers, G.B.; De Galan, B.E.; Tack, C.J. and Smits, P. (2002) Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care, 25 (2), 364-9
• Gallus, S.; Tavani A.; Negri, E. and La Vecchia, C. (2002) Does Coffee Protect Against Liver Cirrhosis?. Annals of Epidemiology 12 (3), 202-5
• Corrao, O.; Zambon, A.; Bagnardi, V. et al. (2001) Coffee, caffeine, and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Annals of Epidemiology, 11(7), 458-65
• Corrao, O.; Lepore, A.R.; Torchio, P. et al. (1994) The effect of drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes on the risk of cirrhosis associated with alcohol consumption: a case-control study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 10, 657-64
• Klatsky, A.L. and Armstrong, M.A. (1992) Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136, 1248-5

7. Diabetes

• Rosengren, A.; Dotevall, A.; Wilhelmsen, L.; Thelle, D. and Johansson, S. (2004) Coffee and incidence of diabetes in Swedish women: a prospective 18-year follow-up study. J. Intern. Med., 255 (1), 89-95
• Salazar-Martinez, E.; Willett W.C.; Ascherio, A.; Manson, J.E.; Leitzmann, M.F.; Stampfer, M.J. and Hu, F.B. (2004) Coffee Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med., 140 (1), 1-8
• Shearer, J.; Farah, A.; de Paulis, T.; Bracy, D.P.; Pencek, R.R.; Graham, T.E. and Wasserman, D.H. (2003) Quinides of roasted coffee enhance insulin action in conscious rats. J. Nutr., 133 (11), 3529-32
• Salazar-Martinez, E.; Willett, W.; Ascherio, A.; Leitzmann, M.; Manson, J. and Hu, F. (2003) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. (Emerging Research In Clinical Nutrition). Diabetes, 52 (suppl. 1), A 72
• Johnston, K.L.; Clifford M.N. and Morgan, L.M. (2003) Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78 (4), 728-33
• Keijzers, G.B.; De Galan, B.E.; Tack, C.J. and Smits, P. (2002) Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care, 25 (2), 364-9
• van Dam, R.M. and Feskens, E.J.M. (2002) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 360, 1477
• Biaggioni, I. and Davis, S.N. (2002). Caffeine: A Cause of Resistance?. Diabetes Care, 25, 399-400
• Watson, J.M.; Jenkins, E.J.; Hamilton, P. et al. (2000) Influence of Caffeine on the Frequency and Perception of Hypoglycemia in Free-living Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 23 (4),455-9
• Debrah, K.; Sherwin, R.S.; Murphy, J. and Kerr, D. (1996) Effect of caffeine on the perception of and physiological responses to hypoglycaemia in patients with IDDM. Lancet, 347, 19-24
• Kerr, D.; Sherwin, R.S.; Pavaikis, F. et al. (1993) Effect of caffeine on the recognition of and responses to hypoglycemia in humans. Ann. Intern. Med., 119 (8), 799-804

8. Calculos da vesicular biliar

• Leitzmann, M.F.; Willett W.C.; Rimm, E.B. et al. (2002) Coffee Intake is Associated with Lower Risk of Symptomatic Gallstone Disease in Women. Gastroenterology,123 (6),1823-30
• Leitzmann, M.F.; Willett, W.C.; Rimm, E.B. et al. (1999) A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 22, 2106-12
• Curhan, G.C.; Willett W.C.; Speizer, F.E. et al. (1998) Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women. Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (7), 534-40
• Curhan, G.C.; Willett W.C.; Rimm, E.B. et al. (1996) Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143 (3), 240-7

9. Parkinson & Alzheimer

• Fredholm, B.B. and Svenningsson, P. (2003) Adenosine—dopamine interactions: Development of a concept and some comments on therapeutic possibilities. Neurology, 61, S5-9
• Ascherio, A.; Chen, H.; Schwarzschild, M.A.; Zhang, S.M.; Colditz, G.A. and Speizer, E. (2003) Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson’ s disease. Neurology, 60, 790-5
• Tan, E.K.; Tan, C.; Fook-Chong, S.M. et al. (2003) Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea and smoking in Parkinson’s disease: a study in ethnic Chinese, J Neurol. Sci., 216 (1), 163-7
• Ragonese, P.; Salemi, G.; Morgante, L. et al. (2003) A case-control study on cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease. Neuroepidemiology, 22 (5), 297-304
• Maia, L. and de Mendonça, A. (2002) Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer’s disease?. European Journal of Neurology, 9 (4), 377-82
• Checkoway, H.; Powers, K.; Smith-Weller, T.; Franklin, G.M.; Longstreth, W.T. and Swanson, P.D. (2002) Parkinson disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake. Am J Epidemiol, 155 (8), 732-8
• Schwarzschild, M.A.; Chen, J.F. and Ascherio, A. (2002) Caffeinated clues and the promise of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in PD. Neurology. 58 (8), 1154-60
• Hernán, M.A., Takkouche, B., Caamaño-Isorna, F. and Gestal-Otero, J.J. (2002) A Meta-analysis of Coffee Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease. Ann. Neurol , 52, 276-84
• Ascherio, A.; Zhang, S.M.; Hernán, M.A. et al. (2001) Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Annals of Neurology, 50 (1), 56-63
• Ross G.W. and Petrovitch H. (2001) Current evidence for neuroprotective effects of nicotine and caffeine against Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging, 18, 797-806
• Ross G.W., Abbott R.D., Petrovitch H. et al. (2000) Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA, 283, 2674-9
• Chen J.F., Xu K., Petzer J.P. et al. (2001) Neuroprotection by caffeine and A2A adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosci., 21, 143-9
• Benedetti, M.D.; Bower, J.H.; Maraganore, D.M. et al. (2000) Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Neurology, 55 (9),1350-8

10. Atividade anti-carcinogênica

• Cavin, C.; Holzhäuser D.; Scharf, G. et al. (2002) Cafestol and Kahweol, Two Coffee Specific Diterpenes with Anticarcinogenic Activity. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 (8), 1155-63
• Foukas, L.C.; Daniele, N.; Ktori, C. et al. (2002) Direct effects of caffeine and theophylline on p110delta and other phosphoinositiode 3-kinases; Differential effects on lipid kinase and protein kinase activities. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277/40, 37124-30
• Puck, T.T.; Johnson, R.; Webb, P. et al. (2002) Mutagenesis and repair by low doses of radiation in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99 (19), 12220-3
• McMahon, M.; Itoh, K.; Hayes, J.D. et al. (2001) The Cap’n’Collar basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) controls both constitutive and inducible expression of intestinal detoxification and glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Cancer Res., 61(8), 3299-307
• Huggett, A.C.; Cavin, C.; Holzhäuser, D.; Perrin, I. and Schilter, B. (1997) Effect of coffee components on glutathione S-transferases: a potential mechanism for anticarcinogenic effects. Proceedings of the 17th ASIC Colloquium, Nairobi (Kenya), 43-50
• Tanaka, T. and Mori, H. (1995) Prevention of experimental tumorigenesis in colon, liver, and oral cavity by dietary chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Proceedings of the 16th ASIC Colloquium, Kyoto (Japan), 79-87
• WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (1991) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans — Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methyglyoxal, 51
• Sivak, A. (1997) No cancer risk from coffee. Proceedings of the 12th ASIC Colloquium, Montreux (CH), 108-11

11. Efeito anti-cancerígeno

11.1 Colon

• Giovanucci, E. (1998) Meta-analysis of Coffee Consumption of Colorectal Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 1043-52
• Favero, A.; Franceschi, S.; La Vecchia C. et al. (1998) Meal frequency and coffee intake in colon cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 30 (3), 182-5
• Tavani, A.; Pregnolato, A.; La Vecchia, C. et al. (1997) Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of colon and rectum. A study of 3.530 cases and 7.057 controls. International Journal of Cancer, 73 (2),193-7
• Olsen, J. and Kronborg, O. (1993) Coffee, Tobacco and Alcohol as Risk Factors for Cancer and Adenoma of the Large Intestine. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22 (3), 398-402
• Kato, I.; Tominaga, S.; Matsuura, A. et al. (1990) A comparative case-control study of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 81(11), 1101-8
• La Vecchia, C.; Ferraroni, M.; Negri, E. et al. (1989) Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers. Cancer Research, 49(4), 1049-51
• La Vecchia, C.; Negri, E.; Decarli, A. et al. (1988) A Case-Control Study of Diet and Colo-Rectal Cancer in Northern Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 41(4), 492-8

11.2 Fígado

• Yagasaki, K.; Okauchi, R. and Miura, Y. (2002) Bioavailabilities and inhibitory actions of trigonelline, chlorogenic acid and related compounds against hepatoma cell invasion in culture and their modes of actions. Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 12, 421-5
• Gallus, S.; Bertuzzi, M.; Tavani, A. et al. (2002) Does coffee protect against hepatocellular carcinoma?. British Journal of Cancer, 87/9, 956-9
• Yagasaki, K.; Miura, Y.; Okauchi, R. and Furuse T. (2000) Inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acid and its related compounds on the invasion of hepatoma cells in culture. Cytotechnology, 33, 229-35
• Furuse, T.; Shiomi, H.; Miura, Y. and Yagasaki, K. (1998) Coffee’s inhibitory action on the invasion of hepatoma cells co-cultured with mesothelial cells. Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 9, 127-30
• Miura, Y.; Furuse T. and Yagasaki, K. (1997) Inhibitory effect of serum from rats administered with coffee on the proliferation and invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells. Cytotechnology, 25, 221-5

11.3 Pele

• Neradil, J.; Veselska, R. and Slanina, J. (2003) UVC-protective effect of caffeic acid on normal and transformed human skin cells in vitro. Folia Biol (Praha), 49 (5), 197-202
• Lu, Y.P.; Lou, Y.R.; Xie, J.G. et al. (2002) Topical applications of caffeine or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99 (19), 12455-60

11.4 Outros locais

• Tavani, A.; Bertuzzi, M.; Talamini, R.; Gallus, S.; Parpinel, M.; Franceschi, S, Levi, F. and La Vecchia, C. (2003) Coffee and tea intake and risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer. Oral Oncology, 39 (7), 695-700
• Michels, K.B.; Holmberg, L.; Bergkvist, L. and Wolk, A. (2001) Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption and Breast Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Swedish Women. Annals of Epidemiology. 12, 21-6
• Jacobsen, B.K.; Bjelke, E.; Kvale, G. and Heuch, I. (1986) Coffee Drinking, Mortality, and Cancer Incidence: Results from a Norwegian Prospective Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 76 (5), 823-31

12. Caries

• Daglia, M.; Tarsi, R.; Papetti, A. et al. (2002) Antiadhesive effect of green and roasted coffee on Streptococcus mutans adhesive properties on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (5), 1225-9

13. Anti-inflamatorio

• Jafari M, Rabbani A. (2004) Studies on the mechanism of caffeine action in alveolar macrophages:caffeine elevates cyclic adenosine monophosphate level and prostaglandin synthesis. Metabolism, 53(6), 687-92
• Panagiotakos, D.B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Kokkinos, P., Toutouzas, P. and Stefanadis, C. (2003) The J-Shaped Effect of Coffee Consumption on the Risk of Developing Acute Coronary Syndromes: The CARDIO2000 Case-Control Study. J. Nutr., 133, 3228-32
• Siegel, S., Sokolowska, M., Kim, J.A. et al. (2003). Caffeine and Coffee Tolerance. Response. Circulation, 108, e38-40
• Corti, R., Binggeli, C., Sudano, I. et al. (2002). Coffee Acutely Increases Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure Independently of Caffeine Content: Role of Habitual Versus Nonhabitual Drinking. Circulation 106, 2935-40
• Libby, P. (2002) Atherosclerosis: The New View. Scientific American, June 2002, 29-37
• Mahmud, A., Feely, J. (2001) Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform. Hypertension, 38, 227-31
• Montesinos, M.C. (2000) Adenosine, acting via A2A receptors, is a critical modulator of inflammation and angiogenesis. 3rd International Symposium of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Madrid
• Varani, K.; Merighi, S.; Ongini, E. et al. (1999) Caffeine alters A2A adenosine receptors and their function in human platelets. Circulation 99 (19), 2499-502

14. Antagonista opióide ( controle do alcoolismo)

• Knapp, C.M.; Foye, M.M.; Cottam, N. et al. (2001) Adenosine agonists CGS 21680 and NECA inhibit the initiation of cocaine self-administration. Pharmacology of Biochemical Behavior; 68 (4),797-803.
• Wynne, K.N.; Familari, M.; Boublik, J.H. et al. (1987) Isolation of opiate receptor ligands in coffee. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 14, 785-90
• Boublik, J.H.; Quinn, M.J.; Clements, J.A. et al. (1983) Coffee contains potent opiate receptor binding activity. Nature, 301, 246-8

15. Anti-obesidade

• Caraco, Y. (1995) Caffeine pharmacokinetics in obesity and following significant weight reduction. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 19 (4), 234-9
• Yoshida,T.; Yoshida, T.; Sakane, N. et al. (1994) Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 18 (5),345-50
• Daly,P.A.; Krieger, D.R.; Dulloo, A.G. et al. (1993) Ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin: safety and efficacy for treatment of human obesity. International Journal of obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 17 Suppl 1, S73
• Astrup, A.; Toubro, 5.; Cannon, S. et al. (1990) Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 759-67
• Dulloo, A.G. (1989) Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49, 44-50
• Hollands, M.A.; Arch, J.R.S.; Phil, D. and Cawthorne, M.A. (1981) A simple apparatus for comparative measurements of energy expenditure in human subjects: the thermic effect of caffeine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34 (10), 2291-4
• Acheson, K.J.; Zahorska-Markiewicz, B.; Pittet, P. et al. (1980) Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 989-97
• Costill, D.L.; Daisky, G.P. and Fink, W.J.. (1978) Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10, 155-8

16. Ergogenico

• Graham, T.E. (2001) Caffeine, Coffee and Ephedrine: Impact on Exercise Performance and Metabolism. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26, 103-19
• Ferrauti, A.; Weber, K. and Strüder, H.K. (1997) Metabolic and ergogenic effects of carbohydrate and caffeine beverages in tennis. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 37, 258-66
• MacIntosh, B.R. and Wright, B.M. (1995) Caffeine ingestion and performance of a 1500 m swim. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 20, 168-77
• Pasman, W.J.; van Baak, M.A.; Jeukendrup, A.E. and de Haan A. (1995) The effect of different doses of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16 (4), 225-30
• Jackman, M.; Wendling, P.; Friars, D. and Graham T.E. (1996) Metabolic, Catecholamine, and Endurance Responses to Caffeine During Intense Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(4)1658-63

see more references in http://www.askdrallen.com/coffee.htm

17. Asma

• Henderson, J.C.; O’Connell, F. and Fuller, R.W. (1993) Decrease of histamine induced bronchoconstriction by caffeine in mild asthma. Thorax, 48, 824-6
• Schwartz, J. and Weiss S.T. (1992) Caffeine intake and asthma symptoms. Annals of Epidemiology, 2 (5), 627-35
• Kivity, S.; Ben Aharon, Y.; Man, A. and Topilsky M. (1990) The effect of caffeine on exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Chest, 97, 1083-5
• Pagano, R.; Negri, E.; Decarli, A. and La Vecchia, C. (1988) Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma. Chest, 94, 387-9

18. Hiperatividade

• Castellanos, F.X. and Rapoport, J.L. (2002) Effects of caffeine on development and behavior in infancy and childhood: a review of the published literature. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 (9),1235-42
• Stein, M.A.; Krasowski, M.; Leventhal, B.L. et al. (1996) Behavioral and Cognitive effects of methylxanthines : A Meta-Analysis of theophylline and caffeine. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 284-8
• Schnackenberg, R.C. (1973) Caffeine as a substitute for schedule II stimulants in hyperkinetic children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 796-8

19. Corea

• Varani, K.; Rigamonti, D.; Sipione, S. et al. (2001) Aberrant amplification of A2A receptor signaling in striatal cells expressing mutant huntingtin. Faseb, 15 (7), 1245-7

20. Depressão e suicídio

• El Yacoubi, M; Costentin, J. and Vaugeois, J.M. (2003) Adenosine A2A receptors and depression. Neurology, 61, S82-7
• Tanskanen, A.; Tuomilehto, J.; Viinamaki, H. et al. (2000) Heavy coffee drinking and the risk of suicide. European Journal of Epidemiology, 16, 789-91
• Kawachi, I.; Willett, W.C.; Colditz, G.A. et al. (1996) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women. Archive Internal Medicine, 156 (5), 521-5

(http://www.biopsychiatry.com/caffsui.htm refuted by http://www.junkscience.com/news/coffee-suicide.html)
• Klatsky, A.L.; Armstrong, M.A. and Friedman, G.D. (1993) Coffee, Tea and Mortality. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 375-81

21. Jet-lag

• Beaumont, M.; Batejat, D.; Pierard, C.; Van Beers, P.; Denis, J.B.; Coste, O.; Doireau, P.; Chauffard, F.; French, J. and Lagarde, D. (2004) Caffeine or melatonin effects on sleep and sleepiness after rapid eastward transmeridian travel. J Appl. Physiol., 96, 50-8
• Hartter, S.; Nordmark, A.; Rose, D.M.; Bertilsson, L.; Tybring, G. and Laine, K. (2003) Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 56 (6), 679-82
• Beaumont, M.; Batejat, D.; Pierard, C.; Van Beers, P.; Denis, J.B.; Coste, O.; Doireau, P.; Chauffard, F.; French, J. and Lagarde, D. (2003) (in press) Caffeine or melatonin effects on sleep and sleepiness after rapid eastward transmeridian travel. J. Appl. Physiol., Sep 2003; 10.1152, available online at:

http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/00940.2002v1
• Pierard, C.; Beaumont, M.; Enslen, M; Chauffard, F.; Tan, D.X.; Reiter, R.J.; Fontan, A.; French, J.; Coste, O.; Lagarde. D. (2001) Resynchronization of hormonal rhythms after an eastbound flight in humans: effects of slow-release caffeine and melatonin. Eur. J Appl. Physiol, 85 (1-2), 144-50
• Lagarde, D. (1997) Place de la pharmacopée dans la prévention du décalage horaire. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 90 (4), 291-2

Topicos adicionais :

Gota (Uricemia)

• Kiyohara, C.; Kono, S. and Honjo, S. (1999) Inverse association between coffee drinking and serum uric acid concentrations in middle-aged Japanese males, British Journal of Nutrition, 82, 125-30

Choque anafilático

• Shin, H.Y.; Lee C.S.; Chae, H.J. et al. (2000) Inhibitory effects of anaphylactic shock by caffeine in rats. Int. Immunopharmacol. , 22 (6), 411-8

Cefaléia

• Weber J.G.; Klindworth, J.T.; Arnold, J.J.; Danielson, D.R. and Ereth. M.H. (1997) Prophylactic intravenous administration of caffeine and recovery after ambulatory surgical procedures. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 72 (7), 621-6
• Weber, J.G.; Ereth, M.H. and Danielson, D.R. (1993) Perioperative ingestion of caffeine and postoperative headache. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 68. 842-5

Radio-proteção

• George K.C.: Hebbar, S.A.; Kale, S.P. and Kesavan, P.C. (1999) Caffeine protects mice against whole-body lethal dose of gamma-irradiation. J. Radiol Prot., 19 (2), 171-6.

Efeito anti-alcoolismo

El Yacouhi. M.: Ledent C.; Parmentier, M.; Costentin, J. and Vaugeois, J.M. (2003) Caffeine reduces hypnotic effects of alcohol through adenosine A(2A) receptor blockade. Neuropharmacology, 45 (7),977-85

Diuretico moderado

• Armstrong L.E. (2002) Caffeine, body fluid-electrolyte balance, and exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 12(2): 189-206